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Biodiesel Galen Suppes, professor of chemical engineering at the University of Missouri, winner of the 2006 US President's Green Chemical Challenge Award, has successfully developed a catalytic process for the conversion of glycerol to propylene glycol, which will promote the development of the biodiesel industry.
The economics of biodiesel are closely related to the market conditions of its by-product glycerol. According to the forecast of relevant departments, the United States will put 1 billion pounds of glycerin into the market each year in the future. At present, the average annual demand of the US glycerol market is only 600 million pounds. Therefore, the biodiesel industry urgently needs to find new high value-added applications for its by-product glycerol.
Propylene glycol can be used instead of ethylene glycol for antifreeze and other applications, and is less toxic. The production of propylene glycol from glycerol, developed by Galen Suppes, can reduce biodiesel production costs by $0.40 per gallon.
Other researchers are also exploring new ways to catalyze the reaction of glycerol to propylene glycol. At the same time, bio-materials giant Cargill has also set up a new company to develop technologies for producing propylene glycol from renewable raw materials and to achieve industrial production. The company firmly believes that with its innovative technology, it can realize the industrial production of renewable, highly competitive propylene glycol, which will attract the attention of the global chemical industry.
Bioethanol Although biodiesel has gained a lot of reputation, the biggest impact of green fuel technology on the world is probably bioethanol as a substitute for gasoline. At present, the output of bioethanol in the United States is about 4 billion gallons/year, and most of it is corn. However, the U.S. industry is accelerating the development of technology for the development and production of ethanol from non-food renewable biomass.
Current biotechnology currently uses enzyme catalysts to convert biomass to fermentable glucose. According to the statistics of the United States Biotechnology Industry Organization, the United States can produce 7 billion gallons of cellulosic ethanol annually using crop by-products (such as corn stover, bagasse, wheat straw, rice straw, etc.). The agency also pointed out that according to the current development rate of biorefinery, by 2015, 25% of the US transportation fuel comes from biorefinery.
Biorefinery However, biorefinery must achieve its development goals and must pay attention to other downstream markets besides fuel. Charles Eckert, professor of chemistry and bioenergy at the Georgia Institute of Technology, is another US president’s green chemistry challenger. He said that bio-refinery production fuels are far less cost-effective than traditional fossil fuels, at least at the beginning of production.
Currently, Eckert and its collaborators are developing and applying three environmentally friendly dissolving and separating systems - gaseous expanded liquids, supercritical fluids and critical water - to extract special chemicals, test drugs and condiments from alcoholic raw materials.
The Atlantic Alliance, which consists of three U.S. and U.K. research institutions, has now begun researching high-value products such as wood chips, sawdust, corn stalks, and even municipal waste.
Although designing and building a biorefinery still faces many challenges, Eckert said that it is of great significance to invest funds in such renewable energy and chemical materials from now on.
Biodegradable plastics The use of renewable resources to produce plastics is another example of green technology changing the face of the chemical industry. In 2006, Archer Daniel Midland, the largest corn ethanol producer in the United States, announced plans to build its first commercial polyhydroxyalkanoate production plant.
Polyhydroxyalkanoates are high performance, biodegradable plastics that can be used in applications currently occupied by petrochemical plastics such as coatings, films, and molded articles. The production plant was jointly constructed by Archer Daniel Nederland and Metabolix, a bioplastic research and development company based in Cambridge, Mass., with a production capacity of 50,000 tons/year and is expected to be completed by mid-2008. Cargill’s subsidiary uses corn to build an annual production capacity of 140,000 tons of polylactic acid production line in Blair, USA. Polylactic acid has gained tremendous applications in the field of biodegradable packaging materials. Wal-Mart has used polylactic acid packaging films and containers for fruit and vegetable packaging.
Waste Plastics Materials General Plastics has developed a new process for producing polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) and polystyrene-based elastomers from PET (polyethylene terephthalate) waste. The PET waste used is mainly recycled PET plastic bottles. Recycled PET waste can replace dimethyl terephthalate or terephthalic acid, which is commonly used to produce PBT. PBT produced using recycled PET as a raw material can meet the application requirements of the automotive industry.
GM said that if PBT produced in 2006 uses recycled PET as raw material, it can consume 600,000 tons of PET, equivalent to 22.5 billion bottles. This will undoubtedly help broaden the meaning and prospects of green chemicals.
At present, the global output of biodegradable materials is only 300,000 tons per year. As Wal-Mart and others have identified and accepted biodegradable packaging materials, the road to green chemicals will be wider and wider.
Global chemical "green"
Facing the challenges of resources, energy, and the environment, more than 400 world-renowned chemical and chemical experts jointly proposed the concept of developing green chemistry and chemical industry at the end of the last century, and identified resources and energy consumption as minimization, zero pollution, and product recycling and recycling. Principle. With the enthusiasm of green chemistry as the driving force, the global chemical industry has gradually become “green†and has become an irresistible trend in the 21st century.