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Base Catalytic Decomposition Technology to Destroy POPs
Base-catalyzed decomposition (BCD) is an innovative technology developed in the United States in recent years for the safe destruction of chlorine-containing hazardous waste. It is especially effective for breaking down persistent organic pollutants (POPs), such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxins, and furans—substances that are notoriously difficult to eliminate through traditional methods.
The BCD process consists of two main stages. The first involves thermal desorption, where contaminated media is heated to release POPs from the soil or other matrices, followed by separation of the contaminants. In the second stage, the concentrated POPs are treated in a stirred tank reactor. Here, a base is introduced to enhance the removal of chlorinated compounds, while a hydrogen-rich environment facilitates the hydrodechlorination reaction. This process effectively breaks down the carbon-chlorine bonds, converting toxic substances into less harmful byproducts like hydrocarbons, carbon, and sodium chloride.
During the initial step, a low-concentration base is mixed with the contaminated material to improve desorption efficiency. At the same time, the base begins to break down some of the POPs. In the next phase, the system is heated under nitrogen protection to 326°C—the melting point of sodium hydroxide. Sodium hydroxide and a specialized catalyst are then added, allowing precise control over the concentration of POPs. As the mixture is stirred, active hydrogen atoms attack the chlorinated compounds, completing the detoxification process. The resulting products include sludge, water, and salt, which are then managed based on the type of carrier oil used.
For lower-cost oils, the waste oil containing sludge and salt can be repurposed as fuel in cement kilns. For higher-quality oils, they are separated from the sludge and can be reused multiple times. The remaining sludge can later be used to neutralize acidic industrial wastewater or safely disposed of in landfills.
One of the most well-known applications of BCD was during the cleanup of a site in preparation for the Sydney Olympics. The Australian government needed to dispose of 450 tons of soil contaminated with various chlorinated compounds, including chlorobenzenes, chlorophenols, DDT, and chlordane, at a total concentration of 20 mg/kg. Additionally, 10 tons of pure organochlorine materials were processed. After thermal desorption, the contaminant levels in the soil dropped below 1 mg/kg. Further treatment in the BCD reactor reduced the concentrations even further, achieving a destruction rate of 99.9999% and keeping dioxin levels below 10 μg/kg.
Due to its low dioxin production and non-incineration approach, BCD has been recognized by the United Nations Industrial Development Organization as a promising alternative to traditional waste destruction methods.